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GNDU QUESTION PAPERS 2024
BA/BSc 6
th
SEMESTER
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(Internaonal Polics: Theory & Pracce)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Explore the meaning and nature of Internaonal Polics.
2. Discuss Idealist Approach regarding Internaonal Polics.
SECTION-B
3. Dene the concept of Naonal Power. What are its various elements ?
4. Discuss the emerging trends in world polics with special focus on Russian Ukraine War.
SECTION-C
5. Discuss the issues of environment in Internaonal Relaons from developing countries'
perspecve.
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6. Discuss the issues of environment in Internaonal Polics.
SECTION-D
7. Crically discuss the role of UNO in context of Israel-Palesne conict.
8. Examine structure and funcons of SAARC.
GNDU ANSWER PAPERS 2024
BA/BSc 6
th
SEMESTER
POLITICAL SCIENCE
(Internaonal Polics: Theory & Pracce)
Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Note: Aempt Five quesons in all, selecng at least One queson from each secon. The
Fih queson may be aempted from any secon. All quesons carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Explore the meaning and nature of Internaonal Polics.
Ans: Meaning of International Politics
International politics refers to the relationships, interactions, and struggles for power
among different countries (states) in the world. It studies how nations behave toward each
other and how they try to protect their interests on the global stage.
In simple words:
International politics is about how countries deal with each other.
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These dealings can include:
• Cooperation (trade, alliances, treaties)
• Conflict (wars, disputes, competition)
• Negotiation (diplomacy, agreements)
• Influence (power, pressure, persuasion)
For example:
• When two countries sign a trade agreement → international politics
• When nations argue over borders → international politics
• When global organizations try to maintain peace → international politics
So, international politics is essentially politics beyond national borders.
Why International Politics Exists
Inside a country, there is a government that makes laws and maintains order. But at the
global level, there is no single world government that controls all countries. Each nation is
sovereign (independent).
Because of this:
• Countries must protect themselves
• They compete for resources and influence
• They form alliances for security
• They negotiate to avoid conflict
This condition of no world authority is called international anarchy (not chaos, but absence
of central authority). It is one of the most important features of international politics.
Nature of International Politics
To understand international politics deeply, we must examine its nature—that is, its main
characteristics. These features show how global politics actually works.
State-Centric (Nation-Focused)
The primary actors in international politics are states (countries). Governments represent
their nations and make decisions on war, peace, trade, and diplomacy.
For example:
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• India negotiating with the USA
• China signing agreements with African countries
• Russia interacting with European states
Although international organizations and multinational companies exist, states remain the
central players.
So, international politics is mainly politics among nations.
Struggle for Power
One of the most important realities of international politics is the competition for power.
Every country wants to:
• Protect its sovereignty
• Secure its borders
• Increase influence
• Promote national interests
Power may include:
• Military strength
• Economic wealth
• Technological advancement
• Diplomatic influence
• Cultural reach
For example:
• Superpowers competing globally
• Regional powers seeking dominance
• Arms races between rival nations
Thus, international politics often becomes a continuous struggle for power and security.
Conflict and Cooperation Together
International politics is not only about conflict. It includes both cooperation and
competition.
Countries cooperate when they share interests:
• Trade agreements
• Climate change efforts
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• Scientific collaboration
• Peacekeeping missions
But conflicts arise due to:
• Territorial disputes
• Ideological differences
• Resource competition
• Security fears
So, international politics has a dual nature:
conflict + cooperation existing side by side.
National Interest as the Driving Force
In international politics, countries act mainly according to their national interest. National
interest means what is best for a country’s survival, security, prosperity, and prestige.
Examples:
• Protecting borders → security interest
• Promoting exports → economic interest
• Expanding influence → strategic interest
• Supporting allies → political interest
Even friendly actions often serve national interest.
Thus, international politics is largely interest-driven, not purely moral.
Absence of Central Authority (Anarchy)
Unlike domestic politics, there is no world government with absolute power over all
countries. Each state is sovereign and equal in law.
Because of this:
• Countries rely on self-help
• Military strength matters
• Alliances are important
• International law has limited enforcement
This condition is called anarchic international system. It does not mean disorder—it means
no central ruler.
This makes international politics more uncertain and sometimes dangerous.
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Role of Diplomacy
Since wars are costly and risky, countries usually prefer diplomacy—negotiation and
dialogue—to solve issues.
Diplomacy includes:
• Treaties
• Summits
• Agreements
• Mediation
• Peace talks
Diplomats represent their countries abroad and manage relations.
So, international politics is also the art of managing relations peacefully.
Influence of International Organizations
Although states are central actors, international organizations also shape global politics.
Examples include:
• United Nations
• World Trade Organization
• International Monetary Fund
• World Health Organization
These bodies:
• Promote cooperation
• Resolve disputes
• Set rules
• Provide aid
• Encourage peace
Thus, modern international politics includes both state and institutional interactions.
Dynamic and Changing Nature
International politics constantly changes with time. Power shifts, alliances evolve, and new
issues emerge.
Historical shifts:
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• Colonial empires → independent states
• Cold War rivalry → multipolar world
• Industrial age → digital age
Modern issues include:
• Cyber security
• Climate change
• Global pandemics
• Energy competition
• Terrorism
So, international politics is not static—it evolves with global realities.
International Politics vs Domestic Politics
To understand it better, compare domestic and international politics:
Domestic Politics
International Politics
Government authority exists
No central authority
Law enforcement strong
Enforcement limited
Citizens obey state
States are sovereign
Order relatively stable
Uncertainty higher
Courts resolve disputes
Negotiation & power resolve disputes
This comparison shows why international politics is more complex and unpredictable.
Simple Real-Life Analogy
Imagine a classroom:
• Inside the classroom → teacher maintains order (domestic politics)
• Between different classrooms → no single authority, groups compete or cooperate
(international politics)
Each class tries to:
• Protect its interests
• Gain recognition
• Form alliances
• Compete in activities
This resembles how countries behave globally.
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Core Elements of International Politics
In summary, international politics revolves around five key elements:
1. States (countries)
2. Power
3. National interest
4. Conflict and cooperation
5. Diplomacy and institutions
These together form the structure of global political life.
Conclusion
International politics is the study of how countries interact in a world without a central
governing authority. It focuses on the pursuit of national interests, the struggle for power,
and the balance between conflict and cooperation. States remain the main actors, but
diplomacy, international organizations, and global issues also shape relations.
Its nature is complex, dynamic, and often uncertain because each country is sovereign and
responsible for its own security. Yet, despite competition and rivalry, nations also cooperate
for shared goals like trade, peace, and development.
2. Discuss Idealist Approach regarding Internaonal Polics.
Ans: What is the Idealist Approach?
At its core, the idealist approach believes that international politics should be guided not by
raw power or self-interest, but by morality, justice, and cooperation. Idealists argue that
nations can and should work together to build a peaceful world order.
• Key Beliefs:
o Human nature is essentially good and capable of cooperation.
o War is not inevitable; it results from misunderstandings, poor institutions, or
corrupt leadership.
o International law, organizations, and diplomacy can prevent conflict.
o Values like peace, justice, and human rights should guide foreign policy.
In short, idealism sees international politics as a moral project, not just a struggle for
survival.
Historical Context
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The idealist approach gained prominence after World War I, when the devastation of the
conflict led many thinkers to believe that a new, more cooperative world order was
necessary.
• Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918):
o Wilson, the U.S. President, became the most famous advocate of idealism.
o He proposed principles like self-determination, open diplomacy,
disarmament, and the creation of the League of Nations.
o His vision was that international cooperation could prevent future wars.
• League of Nations:
o Established in 1920, it was the first major attempt to institutionalize idealist
principles.
o Though it ultimately failed to prevent World War II, it laid the groundwork for
later institutions like the United Nations.
Core Features of Idealism in International Politics
1. Faith in International Law and Institutions:
o Idealists believe treaties, laws, and organizations can regulate state behavior.
o Example: The League of Nations, and later the United Nations, embody this
faith.
2. Emphasis on Morality and Justice:
o Foreign policy should reflect ethical values, not just national interest.
o Ending poverty, protecting human rights, and promoting democracy are seen
as global responsibilities.
3. Belief in Human Progress:
o Idealists argue that humanity can evolve toward peace and cooperation.
o Education, diplomacy, and cultural exchange are tools to reduce conflict.
4. Opposition to Militarism:
o Idealists criticize arms races and military alliances, seeing them as causes of
war.
o They advocate disarmament and peaceful resolution of disputes.
Criticisms of Idealism
While inspiring, idealism has faced strong criticism, especially from realists.
• Too Optimistic: Critics argue that idealism underestimates the role of power and
self-interest in international politics.
• Failure of the League of Nations: The inability of the League to prevent aggression in
the 1930s (e.g., Japan in Manchuria, Italy in Ethiopia, Germany under Hitler) showed
the limits of idealist thinking.
• Realist Counterpoint: Realists like Hans Morgenthau argued that international
politics is fundamentally about power, not morality.
Thus, while idealism provided hope, it was seen as impractical in the face of aggressive
states and power struggles.
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Idealism vs. Realism
Aspect
Idealism
Realism
Human
Nature
Good, cooperative
Selfish, power-seeking
Cause of War
Misunderstanding, poor institutions
Struggle for power
Solution
International law, organizations,
morality
Balance of power, deterrence
Example
League of Nations, UN
Military alliances, Cold War
politics
This contrast highlights why idealism is often seen as the “dream” approach, while realism is
the “practical” one.
Contemporary Relevance
Even though idealism was criticized, its influence remains strong today:
• The United Nations embodies idealist principles of cooperation and collective
security.
• International treaties on climate change, human rights, and disarmament reflect
idealist thinking.
• Movements for global justice, humanitarian aid, and peacekeeping are rooted in
idealist values.
In fact, modern international relations often blend realism and idealism—acknowledging
power politics but also striving for cooperation and justice.
Conclusion
The Idealist Approach in International Politics is a vision of a better world, where nations
act not just out of self-interest but out of moral responsibility. It emphasizes peace, justice,
cooperation, and the belief that war can be avoided through institutions and diplomacy.
While criticized for being too optimistic, idealism left a lasting legacy: it inspired the League
of Nations, the United Nations, and countless efforts to make international politics more
humane. In today’s world, where global challenges like climate change, pandemics, and
poverty demand cooperation, the spirit of idealism remains as relevant as ever.
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SECTION-B
3. Dene the concept of Naonal Power. What are its various elements ?
Ans: Concept of National Power and Its Elements
Imagine the world as a large stage where many countries interact with each other—
sometimes cooperating, sometimes competing. Each country wants to protect its interests,
ensure its security, and improve the life of its people. But not all countries are equally strong
or influential. Some can shape global events, while others must adjust to decisions made by
powerful states.
This ability of a country to influence others, protect itself, and achieve its goals is called
National Power.
What is National Power? (Meaning and Definition)
In simple words, National Power is the total strength of a country that enables it to
achieve its national objectives in relation to other countries.
It includes everything that makes a country strong—its army, economy, technology,
resources, leadership, population, and even culture.
A political thinker, Hans Morgenthau, explained national power as the ability of a nation to
influence the behavior of other nations.
So, national power is not just about war or weapons.
It is about influence, capability, and capacity.
For example:
• The United States influences global politics through military and economic strength.
• China influences through economic power and manufacturing capacity.
• India influences through population, culture, and growing economy.
Thus, national power can be understood as a combination of material and non-material
strengths of a nation.
Why National Power is Important
To understand why national power matters, think of a country like a person in society.
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A strong person:
• Can protect himself
• Can influence others
• Has respect and authority
• Achieves goals easily
Similarly, a powerful nation:
• Protects its sovereignty
• Maintains internal stability
• Gains international respect
• Influences global decisions
• Promotes national interests
Without sufficient national power, a country becomes vulnerable to foreign domination or
pressure.
Elements of National Power
National power is not a single thing. It is made up of many elements that together
determine how strong a nation is.
Scholars usually divide these into two main categories:
1. Tangible (Material) Elements
2. Intangible (Non-material) Elements
Let’s understand each in a simple way.
1. Geography
Geography is one of the most basic and permanent elements of national power.
It includes:
• Location
• Size of territory
• Climate
• Natural boundaries (mountains, rivers, seas)
Geography affects security, trade, agriculture, and defense.
Examples:
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• Britain’s island location helped protect it from invasion.
• Russia’s vast territory makes invasion difficult.
• India’s Himalayas act as natural defense in the north.
A country with strategic location or natural protection has greater national power.
2. Natural Resources
Natural resources are the wealth of nature available to a country.
These include:
• Minerals (coal, iron, gold)
• Oil and gas
• Water
• Fertile land
• Forests
Countries rich in resources often become economically and politically strong.
Examples:
• Middle Eastern countries have power due to oil.
• Russia has gas and minerals.
• India has fertile land and diverse resources.
However, resources alone are not enough—countries must use them wisely.
3. Population
Population is another important element of national power.
It includes:
• Size of population
• Quality of population
• Education and skills
• Health and productivity
A large and skilled population provides:
• Workforce
• Soldiers
• Consumers
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• Innovators
Example:
India’s large population is both an opportunity and a challenge.
When educated and skilled, it becomes a major national strength.
Thus, not just population size but human quality matters most.
4. Economic Power
Economic strength is one of the most decisive elements of national power today.
It includes:
• Industrial capacity
• Trade and commerce
• Technology and infrastructure
• Financial stability
• GDP and production
A strong economy allows a country to:
• Build military power
• Invest in science and education
• Influence global markets
• Provide prosperity
Examples:
• USA and China influence global economy.
• Germany and Japan are powerful due to industry.
• India’s growing economy increases its global role.
Economic power often converts into political and military power.
5. Military Strength
Military power is the traditional and visible element of national power.
It includes:
• Army
• Navy
• Air Force
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• Weapons and technology
• Defense industry
• Nuclear capability
Military strength ensures:
• National security
• Deterrence against enemies
• Strategic influence
Example:
Nuclear-armed countries like USA, Russia, China, India hold global importance partly due to
military capability.
However, modern scholars say military power alone cannot ensure national power—it must
be supported by economy and technology.
6. Technology and Scientific Development
In the modern world, technology is a major source of national power.
It includes:
• Scientific research
• Innovation
• Space technology
• Digital infrastructure
• Artificial intelligence
• Defense technology
Technologically advanced nations dominate globally.
Examples:
• USA leads in innovation and AI
• China leads in manufacturing technology
• India leads in IT and space missions
Technology increases both economic and military power.
7. Political Leadership
Leadership plays a crucial role in national power.
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Even a resource-rich country can remain weak without good leadership.
Strong leadership:
• Uses resources effectively
• Maintains unity
• Guides national policy
• Responds to crises
• Builds global alliances
Examples:
• Leaders like Lee Kuan Yew transformed Singapore.
• Visionary leadership helped India develop nuclear and space programs.
Thus, leadership converts potential power into real power.
8. National Morale and Unity
National morale means the spirit, unity, and determination of people.
It includes:
• Patriotism
• National identity
• Social cohesion
• Public support for policies
• Willingness to sacrifice
A united nation becomes strong even in difficult times.
Example:
During wars or crises, national unity determines survival and victory.
History shows that countries with strong morale resist stronger enemies.
9. Diplomacy
Diplomacy is the skill of managing international relations.
It includes:
• Foreign policy
• Alliances
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• Negotiation skills
• International reputation
• Soft power
Good diplomacy can increase national power without war.
Examples:
• Small countries like Switzerland gain influence through diplomacy.
• India’s foreign policy increases its global standing.
• USA builds alliances worldwide.
Diplomacy converts national resources into global influence.
10. Culture and Soft Power
Modern scholars include culture as an element of national power.
It includes:
• Language
• Traditions
• Media influence
• Education
• Values
• Global cultural appeal
Cultural attraction increases a nation’s global influence peacefully.
Examples:
• American movies and lifestyle influence the world.
• Indian yoga, cuisine, and Bollywood create soft power.
• Korean culture (K-pop, dramas) boosts national image.
This is called soft power—influence through attraction, not force.
Conclusion
The concept of national power helps us understand why some countries are influential and
others are not. It is not based on a single factor but on a combination of many elements—
geography, resources, population, economy, military, technology, leadership, morale,
diplomacy, and culture.
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In the past, military strength defined power.
Today, economic, technological, and cultural strengths are equally important.
A truly powerful nation is one that:
• Uses its resources wisely
• Maintains unity and morale
• Builds a strong economy
• Advances technology
• Practices effective diplomacy
• Protects national interests
Thus, national power is the total capacity of a nation to achieve its goals and influence
others in the international system.
4. Discuss the emerging trends in world polics with special focus on Russian Ukraine War.
Ans: Emerging Trends in World Politics
1. Return of Geopolitical Rivalries
• The post-Cold War optimism of a cooperative world order has given way to renewed
rivalries.
• Major powers like the U.S., China, and Russia are competing for influence in Europe,
Asia, and Africa.
• The Ukraine war has reinforced the idea that military power and territorial control
are still central to global politics.
2. Fragmentation of Global Order
• Instead of one dominant system, we now see multiple blocs forming.
• Western democracies (U.S., EU, NATO allies) are rallying together, while Russia seeks
support from China, Iran, and other non-Western states.
• This fragmentation is reshaping trade, diplomacy, and security alliances.
3. Weaponization of Economics
• Sanctions against Russia show how economic tools are being used as weapons.
• Energy supplies, trade routes, and financial systems have become instruments of
political pressure.
• Countries are rethinking dependence on single suppliers, leading to diversification in
energy and technology.
4. Rise of Technology and Cyber Warfare
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• Drones, cyberattacks, and AI-driven surveillance are now central to modern conflicts.
• The Ukraine war has demonstrated how digital tools can disrupt infrastructure and
influence public opinion.
• Technology is no longer just an economic driver—it’s a strategic weapon.
5. Global South’s Growing Voice
• Nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America are asserting independence in foreign
policy.
• Many have avoided taking sides in the Ukraine war, preferring neutrality to protect
their own interests.
• This reflects a shift toward multipolarity, where smaller states resist being drawn
into great-power conflicts.
6. Energy and Climate Politics
• The war disrupted global energy markets, pushing Europe to reduce dependence on
Russian gas.
• This accelerated investment in renewable energy and highlighted the link between
security and sustainability.
• Climate change negotiations now intersect with geopolitical rivalries, as nations
compete for resources like rare minerals.
7. Erosion of Multilateral Institutions
• Bodies like the UN have struggled to prevent or resolve the Ukraine conflict.
• This raises questions about the effectiveness of global institutions in managing
crises.
• Regional alliances (NATO, EU, ASEAN) are becoming more influential than universal
organizations.
Russian–Ukraine War: A Case Study in Emerging Trends
The war, which began in 2022, has evolved into a protracted conflict marked by territorial
stalemates, drone warfare, and economic attrition. By 2026, it has reshaped global politics
in several ways:
• Military Adaptation: Large-scale offensives have given way to targeted strikes on
infrastructure and logistics hubs. Drone warfare and precision attacks dominate the
battlefield.
• Economic Strain: Russia faces sanctions, while Ukraine depends heavily on Western
financial and military aid—estimated at $100 billion annually just to hold the line.
• Alliance Cohesion: NATO and EU unity has been tested but largely strengthened, as
members coordinate sanctions and military support.
• War Fatigue: Western publics debate the sustainability of long-term aid, while
Ukraine struggles with displacement and reconstruction.
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• Global Ripple Effects: Rising energy prices, food insecurity, and inflation have
affected countries far beyond Europe, showing how regional wars can have
worldwide consequences.
Critical Reflections
1. Shift Toward Multipolarity:
o The war has accelerated the decline of U.S. unipolar dominance.
o China’s cautious support for Russia and its growing technological edge
highlight a multipolar future.
2. Security Redefined:
o Security now includes energy independence, cyber resilience, and supply
chain stability.
o Nations are investing in diversified energy sources and digital defenses.
3. Resilience of Democracies:
o Despite internal debates, Western democracies have shown remarkable unity
in supporting Ukraine.
o This suggests that shared values can still mobilize collective action in times of
crisis.
Conclusion
The emerging trends in world politics—geopolitical rivalries, economic weaponization,
technological warfare, multipolarity, and climate-linked security—are all vividly illustrated
by the Russia–Ukraine war. The conflict has not only reshaped Europe’s security
architecture but also influenced global economics, energy, and diplomacy.
SECTION-C
5. Discuss the issues of environment in Internaonal Relaons from developing countries'
perspecve.
Ans: Issues of Environment in International Relations from Developing Countries’
Perspective
When we talk about international relations, we usually imagine countries negotiating over
trade, borders, or security. But today, one of the most important global issues is the
environment—things like climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss, and resource scarcity.
These environmental problems do not respect national borders. Smoke from factories,
greenhouse gases, ocean pollution, and deforestation affect the entire planet.
However, not all countries experience environmental issues in the same way. Developing
countries—such as India, Bangladesh, many African nations, and parts of Latin America—
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face environmental challenges that are deeply connected with poverty, development needs,
and historical inequalities. From their perspective, environmental issues in international
relations are not just about saving nature; they are also about fairness, survival, and
development.
1. Historical Responsibility: “Who caused the problem?”
One of the biggest arguments of developing countries in international environmental
politics is about historical responsibility. Developed countries like the United States,
European nations, and Japan industrialized early (from the 18th–20th centuries). During this
time, they burned massive amounts of coal, oil, and gas, releasing greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere.
Developing countries argue:
• Climate change today is mainly the result of past emissions by developed countries.
• Rich nations became wealthy through industrialization that polluted the
environment.
• Now developing countries are being asked to limit their growth to solve a problem
they did not create.
So from their perspective, environmental negotiations must recognize this historical
imbalance. This idea is often expressed in global climate talks through the principle:
“Common but Differentiated Responsibilities” (CBDR)
This means:
• All countries share responsibility for protecting the environment.
• But developed countries should take more responsibility because they polluted more
in the past and have more resources today.
2. Development vs Environment: A Difficult Choice
Developing countries face a major dilemma:
Should they prioritize economic development or environmental protection?
Millions of people in developing countries still struggle with poverty, unemployment, lack of
electricity, and poor infrastructure. Governments often depend on industries, mining,
agriculture expansion, and urbanization to improve living standards.
However, these same activities can harm the environment through:
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• Deforestation
• Air and water pollution
• Carbon emissions
• Land degradation
From the developing countries’ perspective, strict environmental rules imposed
internationally may slow down their development. For example:
• Limiting coal use may affect electricity supply.
• Restricting industries may reduce jobs.
• Environmental regulations may increase production costs.
So they argue that environmental protection should not come at the cost of human
development. For them, development itself is a priority because poverty is also seen as an
environmental problem.
3. Inequality in Global Environmental Negotiations
International environmental agreements are often negotiated in global forums like climate
summits or environmental treaties. But developing countries often feel these negotiations
are unequal.
Reasons include:
• Developed countries have more financial and technological power.
• They can influence global policies more strongly.
• Developing countries often lack technical expertise and negotiating capacity.
Because of this imbalance, developing nations worry that global environmental rules may
reflect the interests of richer countries more than their own.
For example:
A developed country may push for strict emission reductions worldwide, but a developing
country may see this as unfair if it limits their industrial growth.
4. Financial and Technological Challenges
Environmental protection requires money and technology. Clean energy, pollution control
systems, sustainable agriculture, and climate adaptation projects are expensive.
Developing countries face two major challenges:
(a) Lack of finance
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They often do not have enough funds to invest in environmental protection while also
funding health, education, and infrastructure.
(b) Lack of technology
Green technologies like renewable energy systems, electric transport, or climate-resilient
farming are often developed in rich countries and may be costly or patented.
Therefore, developing countries argue that:
• Developed countries should provide financial assistance.
• Technology should be shared at affordable cost.
This demand is often called climate finance and technology transfer in international
relations.
5. Vulnerability to Environmental Damage
Ironically, developing countries—though contributing less historically to global
environmental damage—often suffer the most from environmental problems.
Examples include:
• Floods and cyclones in Bangladesh and coastal regions
• Droughts in Africa
• Heat waves in South Asia
• Sea-level rise threatening island nations
• Crop failures affecting poor farmers
These countries have fewer resources to cope with disasters. Infrastructure may be weak,
and emergency systems limited. So environmental issues are not abstract concerns for
them—they are matters of survival.
This creates another argument in international relations:
Countries most affected by climate change should receive more support for adaptation.
6. Environmental Justice and Equity
From the developing countries’ perspective, environmental politics is also about justice.
They raise questions like:
• Is it fair that rich countries polluted earlier and became wealthy?
• Is it fair that poor countries now face strict environmental limits?
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• Is it fair that vulnerable populations suffer most from climate disasters?
This idea is known as environmental justice—the belief that environmental burdens and
benefits should be shared fairly across nations.
7. Sovereignty and Control over Resources
Another issue in international environmental relations is sovereignty. Developing countries
often want to maintain control over their natural resources—forests, minerals, water, and
land.
Sometimes international environmental campaigns or agreements may push for
conservation measures that restrict resource use. Developing countries may see this as:
• External interference in national development
• A limitation on their economic sovereignty
For example, global pressure to stop deforestation may conflict with local needs for
agriculture or livelihoods.
Thus, developing countries emphasize that environmental protection should respect
national sovereignty and development priorities.
8. Need for Sustainable Development
Despite these concerns, developing countries do not reject environmental protection.
Instead, they support the idea of sustainable development.
Sustainable development means:
Development that meets present needs without harming the ability of future generations to
meet their needs.
From their perspective, the goal is balance:
• Economic growth
• Social justice
• Environmental protection
Developing countries increasingly promote renewable energy, conservation, and climate
policies—but they seek international support and fairness while doing so.
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Conclusion
From the perspective of developing countries, environmental issues in international
relations are not just ecological concerns—they are deeply connected with history,
development, inequality, and justice. These countries argue that they should not bear equal
responsibility for problems largely created by early industrialized nations. They emphasize
the need for financial aid, technology transfer, and fair international agreements that allow
them to continue developing while protecting the environment.
At the same time, they recognize that environmental protection is essential for their own
future, because they are among the most vulnerable to climate change and ecological
degradation. Therefore, their approach in international relations is to seek a balanced
path—one that combines environmental sustainability with economic development and
global equity.
6. Discuss the issues of environment in Internaonal Polics.
Ans: Why Environment Matters in International Politics
Environmental issues are no longer just scientific or ecological concerns; they are deeply
political.
• Global Interdependence: Pollution, greenhouse gases, and deforestation in one
country affect the entire planet.
• Shared Responsibility: No single nation can solve climate change or biodiversity loss
alone.
• Conflict Potential: Scarcity of resources like water, food, and energy can lead to
tensions and even wars.
Thus, environment has become a central theme in international relations, influencing
treaties, alliances, and global governance.
Key Environmental Issues in Global Politics
1. Climate Change
• Rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, and extreme weather events are
reshaping economies and societies.
• International agreements like the Paris Climate Accord (2015) aim to limit global
warming, but enforcement remains a challenge.
• Climate change is now discussed at the UN Security Council and G20 summits,
showing its political importance.
2. Loss of Biodiversity
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• Deforestation, overfishing, and habitat destruction threaten species worldwide.
• Biodiversity loss undermines food security and ecological balance.
• Global conventions, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), attempt
to address this, but progress is slow.
3. Pollution and Resource Depletion
• Air and water pollution cross borders, affecting neighboring countries.
• Resource depletion (oil, minerals, forests) creates competition and geopolitical
rivalries.
• For example, disputes over water resources like the Nile or Indus rivers highlight how
environment can trigger international conflict.
4. Energy Politics
• Fossil fuels remain central to global power, but their environmental impact is severe.
• Transition to renewable energy is both an ecological necessity and a geopolitical
strategy.
• Countries compete for control over rare minerals needed for solar panels, batteries,
and wind turbines.
5. Environmental Refugees
• Rising sea levels and desertification force millions to migrate.
• This creates humanitarian crises and strains international relations.
• Small island nations, for example, lobby at the UN for stronger climate action to
prevent their disappearance.
Challenges in International Cooperation
1. Economic Interests vs. Environmental Responsibility
o Developing countries argue they need industrial growth to reduce poverty.
o Developed nations push for stricter environmental standards, creating
tensions.
2. North–South Divide
o Wealthier nations historically contributed more to emissions, but poorer
nations suffer more from climate impacts.
o This raises questions of fairness and responsibility.
3. Weak Enforcement Mechanisms
o International treaties often lack binding enforcement.
o Countries can withdraw or ignore commitments, as seen when the U.S.
temporarily left the Paris Accord.
4. Rise of Nationalism and Anti-Globalization
o Some governments resist international agreements, prioritizing sovereignty
over collective action.
o This undermines global cooperation.
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Emerging Trends in Environmental Politics
• Green Diplomacy: Nations increasingly use environmental commitments to build
soft power and global influence.
• Corporate Responsibility: Multinational companies are pressured to adopt
sustainable practices, linking business with politics.
• Technology Solutions: Innovations in renewable energy, carbon capture, and AI-
driven monitoring are reshaping global strategies.
• Youth Movements: Global protests led by young activists (like Fridays for Future)
push governments to act faster.
Conclusion
Environmental issues have transformed international politics by introducing challenges that
transcend borders and demand collective solutions. Climate change, biodiversity loss,
pollution, and resource scarcity are not just ecological problems—they are political,
economic, and security concerns.
The struggle lies in balancing national interests with global responsibility. While treaties
and institutions exist, enforcement and cooperation remain difficult. Yet, the urgency of
environmental crises ensures that they will remain at the heart of global politics, shaping
alliances, conflicts, and the very future of humanity.
SECTION-D
7. Crically discuss the role of UNO in context of Israel-Palesne conict.
Ans: The UNO and the Israel–Palestine Conflict: A Critical Discussion
1. Background: Why the UN Became Involved
After World War II, the British Empire decided to end its rule over Palestine. The issue of
how to divide the land between Jewish and Arab populations was handed over to the newly
formed United Nations.
In 1947, the UN proposed the famous Partition Plan (Resolution 181). It recommended
dividing Palestine into two states—one Jewish and one Arab—with Jerusalem under
international control.
This was the UN’s first major intervention in the conflict.
• Jewish leaders accepted the plan.
• Arab leaders rejected it, arguing it unfairly favored Jews despite Arabs being the
majority population.
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This disagreement led to the 1948 Arab-Israeli war and the creation of Israel. From that
moment onward, the UN became deeply involved.
2. Peacekeeping and Ceasefire Efforts
One of the UN’s most visible roles has been peacekeeping.
The UN established missions like:
• UNTSO (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization) – 1948
• UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) – 1978
These missions aimed to monitor ceasefires and prevent further fighting.
Achievements
• Helped reduce large-scale wars between Israel and neighboring Arab states.
• Monitored borders and reported violations.
• Created neutral zones in tense regions.
Limitations
• Peacekeepers cannot force peace—they only observe.
• They depend on cooperation from conflicting parties.
• Violence between Israel and Palestinian groups has continued despite monitoring.
Critical view:
The UN has been better at managing conflict than solving it.
3. UN Resolutions: International Law and Diplomacy
The UN has passed many resolutions related to the conflict, especially through the Security
Council and General Assembly.
Some key ones include:
• Resolution 181 (1947) – Partition Plan
• Resolution 242 (1967) – Israel must withdraw from occupied territories
• Resolution 338 (1973) – Ceasefire and negotiations
• Resolution 2334 (2016) – Israeli settlements are illegal
Positive Role
• Established global legal principles:
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o Land cannot be acquired by war.
o Palestinians have the right to self-determination.
• Provided diplomatic framework for peace talks.
Major Problem: Enforcement
UN resolutions often lack enforcement because:
• The UN Security Council has permanent members with veto power.
• The United States has frequently vetoed resolutions critical of Israel.
• Other powers have sometimes blocked anti-Palestinian measures.
Critical view:
The UN can declare what is right—but cannot ensure it happens.
4. Humanitarian Role: Helping Palestinian Refugees
One of the UN’s most important contributions has been humanitarian assistance.
The UN created:
UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency) in 1949 to support Palestinian refugees.
Today, UNRWA provides:
• Schools
• Healthcare
• Food aid
• Shelter
• Social services
Millions of Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria rely on UN
support.
Achievements
• Prevented humanitarian disaster for decades.
• Educated generations of Palestinian children.
• Provided healthcare in refugee camps.
Criticism
• Israel accuses UNRWA of bias and inefficiency.
• Funding shortages limit effectiveness.
• Some argue it prolongs refugee status instead of solving it.
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Critical view:
The UN alleviates suffering—but cannot remove its causes.
5. Mediation and Peace Processes
The UN has participated in various peace initiatives, including:
• The Quartet (UN, US, EU, Russia)
• Peace negotiations
• Diplomatic envoys
However, major peace agreements like:
• Camp David Accords (1978)
• Oslo Accords (1993)
were mainly brokered by the United States—not the UN.
Critical view:
The UN has often been a supporting actor, not the main negotiator.
Reasons include:
• Lack of military power
• Dependence on major powers
• Political divisions within UN members
6. Human Rights Monitoring
The UN frequently investigates human rights issues in the conflict.
UN bodies document:
• Civilian casualties
• Settlement expansion
• Blockades
• Rocket attacks
• Displacement
• War crimes allegations
These reports shape global opinion and international law debates.
Achievements
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• Created global awareness.
• Pressured parties diplomatically.
• Recorded evidence for accountability.
Criticism
• Israel accuses UN bodies of anti-Israel bias.
• Palestinians say UN reports lack consequences.
• Political polarization weakens credibility.
Critical view:
The UN highlights injustice—but struggles to stop it.
7. Structural Limits of the UN in This Conflict
To understand the UN’s mixed record, we must look at structural problems:
(a) Veto Politics
The Security Council is divided.
The US supports Israel strongly.
Other powers often support Palestine.
This leads to paralysis.
(b) Sovereignty Constraints
The UN cannot impose solutions on sovereign states without consent.
(c) Power Imbalance
Israel is a strong state with military and diplomatic backing.
Palestinians lack statehood and equal power.
The UN cannot easily bridge this asymmetry.
(d) Conflict Complexity
The issue involves religion, nationalism, territory, refugees, and security—all deeply
emotional.
8. Overall Assessment: Successes and Failures
Successes
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• Created Israel’s legal birth framework.
• Established international law principles.
• Provided massive humanitarian aid.
• Prevented some regional wars.
• Maintained global attention on Palestinian rights.
Failures
• Could not create Palestinian state.
• Could not enforce resolutions.
• Could not stop settlement expansion.
• Could not prevent repeated violence.
• Peace process remains unresolved.
9. Balanced Critical Conclusion
The role of the United Nations in the Israel–Palestine conflict is both significant and limited.
On one hand, the UN has been indispensable. It gave the first international plan for two
states, helped millions of refugees survive, monitored ceasefires, and kept the issue alive in
global diplomacy. Without the UN, humanitarian conditions and international law
frameworks would likely be far worse.
On the other hand, the UN has failed in its core goal: achieving a just and lasting peace.
Political divisions among powerful member states, especially veto use in the Security
Council, have prevented decisive action. The organization can recommend, condemn, and
assist—but it cannot compel compliance from sovereign actors backed by major powers.
8. Examine structure and funcons of SAARC.
Ans: Structure of SAARC
SAARC is built on a multi-layered institutional framework designed to bring together heads
of state, ministers, officials, and specialized bodies.
1. Summit (Heads of State/Government)
o The highest decision-making body of SAARC.
o Held usually once every two years, where leaders set broad goals and
directions.
o The first summit was held in Dhaka in 1985.
2. Council of Ministers
o Composed of foreign ministers of member states.
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o Meets twice a year to formulate policies and review progress.
3. Standing Committee
o Made up of foreign secretaries.
o Prepares agendas, coordinates activities, and monitors implementation.
4. Technical Committees
o Focus on specific areas like agriculture, rural development, health, education,
transport, and environment.
o They design projects and recommend cooperation strategies.
5. SAARC Secretariat
o Established in Kathmandu, Nepal, in 1987.
o Headed by a Secretary-General, appointed on a rotational basis from
member states.
o Coordinates activities, organizes meetings, and ensures communication
among members.
6. Specialized Regional Centers and Organizations
o SAARC has created institutions like the SAARC Development Fund, SAARC
Agricultural Centre, and SAARC Disaster Management Centre.
o These bodies focus on practical cooperation in specific fields.
Membership: SAARC has eight members—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
Functions of SAARC
SAARC’s functions revolve around promoting cooperation, development, and peace in South
Asia.
1. Economic Cooperation
• SAARC promotes trade and economic integration through agreements like SAFTA
(South Asian Free Trade Area).
• The goal is to reduce tariffs and encourage intra-regional trade.
• However, political tensions often limit progress.
2. Social Development
• SAARC works on poverty alleviation, education, health, and women’s empowerment.
• Programs include literacy campaigns, maternal health initiatives, and rural
development projects.
3. Cultural Exchange
• SAARC fosters cultural cooperation through festivals, youth exchange programs, and
sports events.
• This helps build mutual understanding among diverse societies.
4. Environmental Protection
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• SAARC addresses issues like climate change, disaster management, and sustainable
development.
• The SAARC Disaster Management Centre coordinates responses to floods,
earthquakes, and other crises.
5. Political Dialogue
• While SAARC avoids direct involvement in bilateral disputes, it provides a neutral
platform for dialogue.
• Summits often serve as opportunities for informal talks between rival states,
especially India and Pakistan.
6. Regional Security and Cooperation
• SAARC promotes cooperation against terrorism, drug trafficking, and organized
crime.
• It encourages information sharing and joint strategies.
Achievements and Challenges
Achievements
• Created a framework for regional cooperation in South Asia.
• Established institutions like the SAARC Development Fund.
• Promoted cultural and educational exchanges.
• Raised awareness about shared problems like poverty and climate change.
Challenges
• Political Tensions: India–Pakistan rivalry often paralyzes SAARC’s progress.
• Slow Implementation: Many agreements remain on paper due to lack of
enforcement.
• Economic Imbalance: Smaller states fear domination by larger economies like India.
• Limited Global Influence: Compared to ASEAN or EU, SAARC has struggled to
become a strong regional bloc.
Conclusion
The structure of SAARC—from summits to technical committees—provides a
comprehensive framework for cooperation. Its functions span economic integration, social
development, cultural exchange, environmental protection, and regional security.
Yet, despite its noble vision, SAARC faces serious challenges, especially political tensions and
weak implementation. Still, it remains an important symbol of South Asian unity and a
potential platform for future collaboration.
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“This paper has been carefully prepared for educaonal purposes. If you noce any
mistakes or have suggesons, feel free to share your feedback.”
